Architecture of the Cathedral of Santiago

The Architecture of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, located in Galicia, Spain, is a masterpiece of Romanesque architecture with additions in Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassical styles. As the reputed burial place of Saint James the Greater, it has been a major pilgrimage destination on the Way of St. James since the Middle Ages. Here’s an in-depth look at its architectural features:

Romanesque Foundation

The construction of the cathedral began in 1075 under the reign of Alfonso VI and Bishop Diego Peláez. The initial structure was designed in the Romanesque style, which is characterized by:

Thick Walls: Built from granite, the cathedral has robust and solid walls.
Round Arches: The use of round arches for windows, doors, and vaults.
Barrel Vaults: The nave is covered by a barrel vault with transverse arches.
Cruciform Layout: The floor plan is in the shape of a Latin cross, with a long nave, transepts, and an apse.

Gothic Enhancements

In the 13th and 14th centuries, Gothic elements were added:

Pointed Arches: Introduction of pointed arches in some of the vaults and windows.
Ribbed Vaults: Some sections, especially in the chapels and side aisles, feature ribbed vaulting.
Flying Buttresses: To support higher and more complex structures, flying buttresses were used in some parts.

Renaissance and Baroque Additions

Significant architectural changes occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries:

Renaissance Cloister: The cloister, completed in the early 16th century, exhibits Renaissance design with its elegant arches and decorative elements.
Baroque Façade: The Obradoiro façade, completed in 1740, is a stunning example of Spanish Baroque, with intricate carvings, statues, and elaborate details. Designed by Fernando de Casas Novoa, it presents a dramatic and dynamic appearance.
Pórtico da Gloria: This Romanesque masterpiece by Master Mateo, completed in 1188, marks the entrance to the cathedral. It features a richly sculpted three-part archway depicting biblical scenes and figures, with a central tympanum showing Christ in Majesty.

Neoclassical Influence

In the 18th century, the cathedral saw Neoclassical touches:

Holy Door: The Puerta Santa, opened only during Holy Years, has a Neoclassical design.
Sacristy and Chapter House: These were redesigned with simpler, more restrained classical lines.

Interior Features

The interior of the cathedral is as impressive as its exterior:

High Altar: A stunning Baroque altarpiece dominates the main altar, rich in gold and ornate details.
Botafumeiro: One of the largest thuribles in the world, this giant censer is swung across the transept on special occasions.
Crypt: Below the main altar lies the crypt, believed to house the relics of Saint James.

Architecture of the Towers of the Cathedral of Santiago

The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela has multiple notable towers, with the two most prominent being the Torre da Carraca and the Torre das Campás, as well as the Torre de las Campanas and the Torre de la Carraca. These twin towers, each over 70 meters tall, frame the Obradoiro façade and are topped with Baroque spires:

Torre de las Campanas (Tower of the Bells)

Location and Height: The Torre de las Campanas is located on the south side of the cathedral and stands approximately 75 metres tall.
History and Construction: Constructed in the 17th century, this tower was designed by Domingo de Andrade, who also worked on other parts of the cathedral. The tower was built to replace an earlier, smaller tower and to provide a more grandiose structure.
Design and Features: The Torre de las Campanas features a mix of Baroque architectural elements. It has a square base that transitions into an octagonal upper section. The tower is richly decorated with pilasters, balustrades, and sculptures.
Bells: The tower houses several bells, which have historically been used to call the faithful to prayer, signal the time, and mark special occasions. The bells are also an integral part of the cathedral’s soundscape, adding to the spiritual ambiance of Santiago de Compostela.

Torre de la Carraca (Tower of the Carraca)

Location and Height: The Torre de la Carraca is located on the north side of the cathedral and stands at a similar height to the Torre de las Campanas, around 75 metres.
History and Construction: This tower was also constructed in the 17th century and designed by the same architect, Domingo de Andrade. Like its twin, it was built to replace an older, less imposing structure.
Design and Features: The Torre de la Carraca mirrors the design of the Torre de las Campanas, featuring Baroque architectural elements. It has a square base and an octagonal upper section, adorned with decorative features similar to those on its twin.
Carraca Mechanism: The tower is named after the “carraca” mechanism it houses, which is a type of large wooden noise-making device used during Holy Week to produce a loud sound in place of bells, which are traditionally silenced during this time.

Both towers

standing symmetrically on either side of the Obradoiro façade, contribute significantly to the cathedral’s majestic appearance. They not only serve practical purposes but also enhance the architectural harmony and balance of the cathedral. The intricate Baroque details and the sheer height of these towers make them standout features of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, symbolising both the historical significance and the architectural innovation of this renowned pilgrimage site.

These twin towers, along with the central lantern tower, form a distinctive skyline that has welcomed pilgrims and visitors for centuries. Their architectural beauty and functional roles underscore the cathedral’s importance as a religious and cultural landmark.

Surrounding Squares

The cathedral is surrounded by beautiful plazas, each enhancing its architectural grandeur:

Praza do Obradoiro: The main square in front of the cathedral, flanked by important buildings like the Pazo de Raxoi and the Hostal dos Reis Católicos.
Praza das Praterías: Located at the southern entrance, featuring the only remaining Romanesque façade.
Praza da Quintana: Divided into two levels, with the Holy Door leading into the cathedral from here.

Restoration and Preservation

Over the centuries, the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela has undergone numerous restorations to preserve its structure and artistic elements. Modern efforts continue to maintain its splendour and address the wear caused by time and weather.